Traditional cattle breeds are an important part of our history and cultural heritage, but they are also increasingly relevant for future food production in a time of climate change and rapid biodiversity loss. The Nordic Mountain Cattle breeds of northern Finland, Norway, and Sweden have shared a long history. Through long‑term adaptation to harsh Arctic conditions, these breeds have supported human survival in the region. Their adaptations are unique and remain clearly visible in the genomes of animals living today.
Some of these traits may become particularly valuable in future agricultural crises, for example in situations where environmental conditions become more extreme or fodder supplies are limited. International climate research has discussed scenarios in which a significant weakening or disruption of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) could lead to substantial changes in climate conditions in Northern Europe. In this perspective, locally adapted native breeds may gain increased importance for agriculture due to their resilience and long‑term adaptation to harsh and variable environments.
Despite their significance, the characteristics of Nordic Mountain Cattle breeds have long been poorly documented and underutilised, and their shared history and interrelations have not previously been comprehensively described. For this reason, the project Three Nordic Mountain Cattle Breeds – Their Cultural Heritage and Genetic Resources (3MC) was initiated in October 2019.
The aim of the project was to raise awareness of the importance of these three Nordic Mountain Cattle breeds by revealing their shared history and background. This was achieved through continuous dialogue with stakeholders, the production of a museum exhibition, the development of a game application, media outreach, and the publication of scientific articles. The knowledge generated by the project was aimed to support national conservation strategies and promote the sustainable use of the breeds, for example through tourism, animal‑assisted activities, and the maintenance of traditional pastures.
During its implementation, the project evolved beyond its original communication approach into a broader collaborative effort. The active involvement of collaborators, local communities, and members of the public – many of whom contributed memories, materials, and perspectives – played an important role in shaping the project outcomes. In this sense, the project incorporated elements of citizen science, with participants contributing to the documentation and interpretation of the cultural heritage of Nordic Mountain Cattle.
Collaboration with museums further expanded the project into a wider knowledge and communication platform. Museums contributed to the research by providing access to historical material and archaeological samples, while also serving as important mediators of knowledge through exhibitions and public engagement.
This publication aims to give an overview of the approach, activities, and knowledge generated within the 3MC project and summarises its outcomes following the project’s conclusion in September 2022.